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马士兵database笔记
 mysql查看执行计划使用explain&#43;SQL语句。注意：执行计划里面的参数都是预估值，并不是正在的查询！！！
 explain示例结果
&#43;----&#43;--------------&#43;-------------&#43;------------&#43;--------&#43;---------------------&#43;---------------------&#43;---------&#43;------------------&#43;------&#43;----------&#43;-------------------------&#43; | id | select_type | table | partitions | type | possible_keys | key | key_len | ref | rows | filtered | Extra | &#43;----&#43;--------------&#43;-------------&#43;------------&#43;--------&#43;---------------------&#43;---------------------&#43;---------&#43;------------------&#43;------&#43;----------&#43;-------------------------&#43; | 1 | PRIMARY | st | NULL | index | PRIMARY | PRIMARY | 82 | NULL | 17 | 100.00 | NULL | | 1 | PRIMARY | sc | NULL | ref | PRIMARY | PRIMARY | 82 | learning." />
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			<p><em>参考：</em></p>

<p><a href="https://dev.mysql.com/doc/refman/5.7/en/explain-output.html">mysql5.7</a></p>

<p><a href="https://github.com/bjmashibing/java/blob/master/database/note/mysql%E6%89%A7%E8%A1%8C%E8%AE%A1%E5%88%92.md">马士兵database笔记</a></p>

<blockquote>
<p>mysql查看执行计划使用<code>explain</code>+SQL语句。注意：执行计划里面的参数都是预估值，并不是正在的查询！！！</p>
</blockquote>

<p><strong>explain示例结果</strong></p>

<pre><code class="language-mysql">+----+--------------+-------------+------------+--------+---------------------+---------------------+---------+------------------+------+----------+-------------------------+
| id | select_type  | table       | partitions | type   | possible_keys       | key                 | key_len | ref              | rows | filtered | Extra                   |
+----+--------------+-------------+------------+--------+---------------------+---------------------+---------+------------------+------+----------+-------------------------+
|  1 | PRIMARY      | st          | NULL       | index  | PRIMARY             | PRIMARY             | 82      | NULL             |   17 |   100.00 | NULL                    |
|  1 | PRIMARY      | sc          | NULL       | ref    | PRIMARY             | PRIMARY             | 82      | learning.st.s_id |    2 |   100.00 | NULL                    |
|  2 | UNION        | st          | NULL       | ALL    | NULL                | NULL                | NULL    | NULL             |   17 |   100.00 | NULL                    |
|  2 | UNION        | &lt;subquery3| NULL       | eq_ref | &lt;auto_distinct_key| &lt;auto_distinct_key| 83      | learning.st.s_id |    1 |   100.00 | Using where; Not exists |
|  3 | MATERIALIZED | sc          | NULL       | index  | PRIMARY             | PRIMARY             | 164     | NULL             |   22 |   100.00 | Using index             |
| NULL | UNION RESULT | &lt;union1,2 | NULL       | ALL    | NULL                | NULL                | NULL    | NULL             | NULL |     NULL | Using temporary         |
+----+--------------+-------------+------------+--------+---------------------+---------------------+---------+------------------+------+----------+-------------------------+
</code></pre>

<p><strong>各列含义：</strong></p>

<table>
<thead>
<tr>
<th align="center">列</th>
<th align="center">含义</th>
</tr>
</thead>

<tbody>
<tr>
<td align="center">id</td>
<td align="center">The <code>SELECT</code> identifier.</td>
</tr>

<tr>
<td align="center">select_type</td>
<td align="center">The <code>SELECT</code> type.</td>
</tr>

<tr>
<td align="center">table</td>
<td align="center">The name of the table to which the row of output refers.</td>
</tr>

<tr>
<td align="center">partitions</td>
<td align="center">The partitions from which records would be matched by the query.</td>
</tr>

<tr>
<td align="center">type</td>
<td align="center">The join type.</td>
</tr>

<tr>
<td align="center">possible_keys</td>
<td align="center">The <code>possible_keys</code> column indicates the indexes from which MySQL can choose to find the rows in this table.</td>
</tr>

<tr>
<td align="center">key</td>
<td align="center">The <code>key</code> column indicates the key (index) that MySQL actually decided to use.</td>
</tr>

<tr>
<td align="center">Key_length</td>
<td align="center">The <code>key_len</code> column indicates the length of the key that MySQL decided to use.</td>
</tr>

<tr>
<td align="center">ref</td>
<td align="center">The <code>ref</code> column shows which columns or constants are compared to the index named in the <code>key</code> column to select rows from the table.</td>
</tr>

<tr>
<td align="center">rows</td>
<td align="center">The <code>rows</code> column indicates the number of rows MySQL believes it must examine to execute the query.</td>
</tr>

<tr>
<td align="center">filtered</td>
<td align="center">The <code>filtered</code> column indicates an estimated percentage of table rows that will be filtered by the table condition.The maximum value is 100, which means no filtering of rows occurred.</td>
</tr>

<tr>
<td align="center">Extra</td>
<td align="center">This column contains additional information about how MySQL resolves the query.</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>

<p><strong>详细解释：</strong></p>

<p><strong>1、id</strong></p>

<blockquote>
<p>查询语句id</p>
</blockquote>

<p>有几种情况：</p>

<p>①、id值不同，越大的越先执行。</p>

<p>②、id值相同，谁在前面谁先执行。</p>

<p>③、id值为&lt;null，最后执行。</p>

<p><strong>2、select_type</strong></p>

<blockquote>
<p>用来分辨查询的类型，是普通查询还是联合查询还是子查询</p>
</blockquote>

<p>有以下几种：</p>

<table>
<thead>
<tr>
<th align="center">select_type</th>
<th align="center">含义</th>
</tr>
</thead>

<tbody>
<tr>
<td align="center">SIMPLE</td>
<td align="center">简单的查询，不包含子查询、union</td>
</tr>

<tr>
<td align="center">PRIMARY</td>
<td align="center">查询中包含任意复杂子查询，则最外层标记为primary</td>
</tr>

<tr>
<td align="center">UNION</td>
<td align="center">若第二个select出现在union之后，则标记为union</td>
</tr>

<tr>
<td align="center">DEPENDENT UNION</td>
<td align="center">跟union类似，此处的depentent表示union或union all联合而成的结果会受外部表影响</td>
</tr>

<tr>
<td align="center">UNION RESULT</td>
<td align="center">从union表获取结果的select</td>
</tr>

<tr>
<td align="center">SUBQUERY</td>
<td align="center">在select或者where列表中包含子查询</td>
</tr>

<tr>
<td align="center">DEPENDENT SUBQUERY</td>
<td align="center">subquery的子查询要受到外部表查询的影响</td>
</tr>

<tr>
<td align="center">DERIVED</td>
<td align="center">from子句中出现的子查询，也叫做派生类，临时表</td>
</tr>

<tr>
<td align="center">UNCACHEABLE SUBQUERY</td>
<td align="center">表示使用子查询的结果不能被缓存，使用系统变量@@</td>
</tr>

<tr>
<td align="center">UNCACHEABLE UNION</td>
<td align="center">表示union的查询结果不能被缓存</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>

<p><strong>3、table</strong></p>

<blockquote>
<p>查询的表名或者别名</p>
</blockquote>

<p>有几种类型：</p>

<ul>
<li>从实际表中查询，则为实际表名或者别名</li>
<li>从衍生表中查询。如：derivedN，表示使用了id为N的查询出来的数据作为衍生表。</li>
<li>从union结果中查询。如：union n1,n2，表示id为n1，n2的查询参与了union。</li>
</ul>

<p><strong>4、partitions</strong></p>

<blockquote>
<p>分区编号，表示使用表在哪个分区上</p>
</blockquote>

<p><strong>5、type</strong></p>

<blockquote>
<p>表示访问类型，查询时使用索引还是全表扫描的方式</p>
</blockquote>

<p>效率排序</p>

<p>system &gt; const &gt; eq_ref &gt; ref &gt; fulltext &gt; ref_or_null &gt; index_merge &gt; unique_subquery &gt; index_subquery &gt; range &gt; index &gt; ALL</p>

<p>一般情况下，查询最好能达到ref级别，最起码也应该达到range级别。</p>

<ul>
<li><code>ALL</code> 全表扫描，效率最低。出现了则意味着这条sql需要要进行优化。</li>
<li><code>index</code>  全索引扫描，效率比ALL好点。主要有两种情况：一种是当前的查询使用覆盖索引，即我们需要的数据在索引中就可以索取；一种是使用了索引进行排序，这样就避免数据的重排序。</li>
<li><code>range</code> 表示使用索引查询的时候使用了范围查询，避免了全索引扫描。常用操作符：=,&lt;&gt;,&gt;,&gt;=,&lt;,&lt;=,is null,between,like,in。</li>
<li><code>index_subquery</code> 利用索引来关联子查询，不再扫描全表。</li>
<li><code>unique_subquery</code> 跟index_subquery类似，只是这个索引类型是唯一索引。</li>
<li><code>index_merge</code> 在查询过程中需要多个索引组合使用。</li>
<li><code>ref_or_null</code> 对于某个字段即需要关联条件，也需要null值的情况下，查询优化器会选择这种访问方式。</li>
<li><code>fulltext</code> 使用了全文索引。</li>
<li><code>ref</code> 使用了非唯一性索引进行数据的查找。</li>
<li><code>eq_ref</code> 使用唯一性索引进行数据查找。</li>
<li><code>const</code> 这个表至多有一个匹配行。</li>
<li><code>system</code> 表只有一行记录（等于系统表），这是const类型的特例，平时不会出现。</li>
</ul>

<p><strong>6、possible_keys</strong></p>

<blockquote>
<p>表示可能使用的索引，一个或者多个</p>
</blockquote>

<p><strong>7、key</strong></p>

<blockquote>
<p>表示使用的哪些索引</p>
</blockquote>

<p><strong>8、key_len</strong></p>

<blockquote>
<p>表示索引中使用的字节数</p>
</blockquote>

<p><strong>9、ref</strong></p>

<blockquote>
<p>表示索引中的哪一列被使用</p>
</blockquote>

<p><strong>10、rows</strong></p>

<blockquote>
<p>表示可能扫描多少行</p>
</blockquote>

<p><strong>11、filtered</strong></p>

<blockquote>
<p>行数过滤的比例，是一个百分比，最大值100</p>
</blockquote>

<p><strong>12、Extra</strong></p>

<blockquote>
<p>额外补充的信息</p>
</blockquote>

<p>包含以下几种：</p>

<ul>
<li>using filesort    表示无法使用索引在内存中进行排序，需要使用临时文件进行排序。</li>
<li>using temporary 表示创建了临时表，查询使用完后删除。</li>
<li>using where 使用了where条件过滤</li>
<li>using index 表示通过索引就可以得到数据，不需要真正的去查询表数据，如使用了覆盖索引。</li>
<li>using join buffer 使用连接缓存</li>
<li>using impossible where</li>
</ul>

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